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Evolution Korea

South Korea's democracy is prone to populist impulses. It is still healthier than expected.

The country is searching for an innovative development paradigm. A Confucian culture that emphasizes respect for the ancestors and gendered family relations continues to influence the way we live. There are indications of a secularist cultural trend forming.

Origins

In prehistoric times the ancestors of the modern Koreans were capable of survival through hunting and gathering wild foods. In the tens of thousands of years after they began to cultivate crops such as millet and beans. They also raised livestock, and even made furs. They created tribal states in Manchuria and later on the Korean peninsula. They also developed an industry for metalworking, which produced bronze tools and later iron tools. They traded with other states and introduced cedon, paper making block printing art styles, and written language to Japan.

In 2333 BCE Gojoseon was established in the southern region of the peninsula. This state embraced Chinese culture which included Confucian Philosophy and Buddhism. At this time, the people of Buyeo were incorporated into Gojoseon. Gojoseon had a hierarchical structure that included a monarch as well as top officials were drawn from the landed aristocracy, while the rest of the population was peasants. The state collected taxes from these citizens, and sometimes required them to join the army or build fortifications.

At the end of this period the state of Baekje was founded by Onjo who was a prince of Goguryeo and the son of Jumong who was the founder of Goguryeo. The new kingdom grew its territory into the southwest of the peninsula, and was at war with Goguryeo and China's commanderies in the region. Baekje incorporated aspects of Confucian beliefs into its official beliefs and made the male-centric filiopiety concept as a law in 1390 CE. Under the cover of filiopiety fathers were accountable to their families. They must be obeyed by all and respected by their grandchildren and children.

Goryeo, who ruled from 918 until 1392 CE gave the world the Hangul alphabet based on the shapes made by the mouth during pronunciation. This greatly improved the communication between people and resulted in an explosion of the writing of Buddhist texts. Woodblock printing and the movable metal type were also refined. It was during this time that the Samguk sagi, also known as 'History of the Three Kingdoms' was first written in 1145 CE.

The evolution of Korea

The Korean peninsula was habitable from Neolithic times until. Early evidence of human settlements can be found in the form cist graves that were lined with stone, with precious objects like amazonite jewelry buried with the dead. Megalithic structures, referred to as dolmens, built from enormous single stones, are also prevalent throughout the country.

In the first part of the 1st millennium BCE, Gojoseon established itself as the first recognizable political state. The peninsula was ruled by a variety of states in the Three Kingdoms period (57 BC- 635 CE) including Baekje, Goguryeo, and Silla. In addition, the northern region of the peninsula was ruled by the Balhae kingdom, which the majority of historians do not believe to be a valid Korean state.

After the Three Kingdoms, several smaller states arose in the Proto-Three Kingdoms period, or Several States Period (yeolgugsidae). Baekje was the most powerful of these states was diminished by the fall of Goguryeo (676 CE) and was left with only its southern regions in Manchuria and the western region around Hwanghae Bay. Eastern Buyeo and the Gaya confederacy, thrived for a time.

The Unified Silla kingdom then emerged and the three kingdoms began to work together to expand their territory. Silla with the aid of the Chinese eventually conquered and united the peninsula in 935.

As Korea is entering a post-crisis period the way it develops appears to be in flux. Those who are appalled by the enormous cost of the old system would prefer a thorough program of liberalization of capital as well as labor markets. On the other hand champions of the old system are seeking to preserve it by leveraging nationalist sentiments and inflating fears about job losses.

Academics and analysts are divided on the extent to which Korea's growth is being driven by these two trends. This article assesses developments to date by analyzing five phases of Korea's political development including democratic illiberalism (1945-60) democratic authoritarianism (1961-72), authoritarian exceptionalism (1972-87), democratic paternalism (1987-2001) and democratic participation (2002 to present). This article also identifies the key factors that appear to be shaping these processes.

Creationism in Korea

In South Korea, 26% of the population is Christian. Creationists have had success in promoting their views to this population. A survey conducted in 2009 revealed that almost three-quarters of respondents did not believe in evolution. Of those, 41% claimed that there wasn't enough evidence from science to support the theory 39% claimed that the theory contradicted their religion and 17% claimed it was difficult to understand. This level of disbelief is comparable to that of the United States where a similar percentage do not believe humans evolved from lesser advanced species of life.

In the past, the majority of the anti-evolution movement in Korea was focused on educating college students and bringing them to Christ. A significant increase in interest in creation science came in the year 1980, following an all-day seminar that was held during the World Evangelization Crusade in Seoul which featured Drs. Henry Morris and Duane Gish of ICR as the featured speakers. This event attracted a large number of professors, church leaders and scientists.

The success of this event led to the creation of the Korea Association of Creation Research (KACR) on January 31 1981. The inaugural meeting was widely covered in the national press, including The Korea Times and Chosun Ilbo, and it attracted a lot of attention.

KACR started publishing a newsletter titled CREATION. In it, the group presented its own work and published articles about scientific evidence for creationism. It also translated a number of slides and film strips from ICR, as well as some books on the subject that were already in print outside of Korea. KACR members gave lectures across the country at universities and churches.

One instance of one KACR success story was at the KAIST university in Seoul. There, students were so interested in creationism that they raised enough money and support to put up a small museum on campus with creationist fossil models and other exhibits.

In addition to its activities, KACR has published a bimonthly magazine called CREATION. This magazine covers topics in the field of creation science. It also hosted a series of lectures by ICR staff. It also has a network of local branches that conduct seminars and present talks to school children and other community groups.

Evolution in South Korea

In the latter part of the nineteenth century and into the early twentieth century, Korea began to adopt a more Westernized lifestyle. The hanbok, the traditional Korean dress, was replaced to miniskirts and other fashion elements from overseas. Similarly, traditional Korean music styles were replaced by contemporary rock and roll and jazz. In the period of this transition the famous samulnori, also known as the masked dance-dramas were very popular. These dramatic pieces were performed with the accompaniment of shaman drums as well as various musical instruments.

Korea's new development model is being developed in the aftermath of the economic crisis. The new regime's main challenge is the balance between the state-led economic policies and market-oriented ones. It also involves rethinking the incentives, monitoring, and disciplining policies that shaped the system prior to the crisis. These issues are discussed in Chapters 3 & 4.

Founded by Onjo, prince of Goguryeo and the third son of Jumong, Baekje was established jointly by people living along the Hangang River, those from Buyeo and other areas, and migrants from northern China. Baekje, an important regional power in the early 4th century extended its territory to Mahan in the north and Jeollanam-do south. Consequently, it came into frequent battle with Goguryeo and the Chinese commanders along the border.

The decline of Silla between the 8th and 9th centuries resulted in the rise of powerful local factions. Gungye was a nobleman from Later Baekje who established a kingdom in Songak with Songak as the capital. He ruled a portion of today's Jeolla province and Chungcheong. Later, he relocated the capital to Wansanju. He was an adversary to Goguryeo.

However his rule was not long-lasting. After Gungye was defeated by a powerful local leader Wang Geon, who united Goryeo with Baekje and Silla in 935, Later Baekje was peacefully integrated into Goryeo as an heir state. Wang Geon also introduced fundamental reforms and strengthened the central government system. This marked the closing of the Three Kingdoms period. From that point on, the Korean peninsula was ruled by the Goryeo Dynasty. In the Three Kingdoms period, Goguryeo, Baekje and Silla gradually developed into powerful states in Manchuria and on the peninsula.